Participación política y jóvenes: Una mirada post Estallido Social en Chile
Youth Political Participation: Reflections in the Aftermath of Chile’s Social UprisingContenido principal del artículo
La participación política juvenil constituye un componente central del desarrollo democrático, especialmente en el Chile posterior al Estallido Social de 2019. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores que determinan la participación política convencional y no convencional entre los jóvenes chilenos. Se adopta un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo explicativo, con diseño no experimental y transversal, utilizando datos secundarios de la 10ª Encuesta Nacional de Juventudes (2022). El análisis se realiza sobre una muestra de 7.124 jóvenes de 18 a 29 años, mediante modelos de regresión logística aplicados a los distintos tipos de participación. Los resultados muestran que la edad incide positivamente en el voto, pero no en la protesta ni en la militancia. La educación y los valores progresistas aumentan la probabilidad de votar y manifestarse, mientras que la militancia se explica principalmente por factores ideológicos. El interés político y la orientación ideológica emergen como ejes explicativos centrales de la acción política juvenil. Se concluye que la participación política juvenil en Chile adopta diversas trayectorias, combinando mecanismos institucionales y acción directa.
Youth political participation constitutes a central component of democratic development, particularly in post-2019 Chile following the Social Outburst. This study aims to analyze the factors that determine conventional and non-conventional political participation among Chilean youth. A quantitative explanatory approach is adopted, using a non-experimental, cross-sectional research design based on secondary data from the 10th National Youth Survey (2022). The analysis is conducted on a sample of 7,124 young people aged 18 to 29, applying logistic regression models to different forms of political participation. The
results show that age has a positive effect on voting, but not on protest participation or party membership. Education and progressive values increase the likelihood of voting and participating in manifestations, while party militancy is mainly explained by ideological factors. Political interest and ideological orientation emerge as central explanatory axes of youth political action. The study concludes that youth political participation in Chile follows diverse trajectories, combining institutional mechanisms with direct action.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Álvarez, R.M., Levin, I., y Núñez, L. (2017). The Four Faces of Political Participation in Argentina: Using Latent Class Analysis to Study Political Behavior. The Journal of Politics, v.79 (n.4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/692786
Bang, H. (2004). Culture governance: Governing self-reflexive modernity. Public Administration, v.82 (n.1), 157-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2004.00389.x
Barnes, S.H., y Kaase, M. (1979). Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Sage Publications.
Carlin, R.E. (2007). The decline of citizen participation in electoral politics in post-authoritarian Chile. Democratization, v.13 (n.4), 632-651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340600791921.
Chong, D. (1991). Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. University of Chicago Press.
Contreras-Aguirre, G., y Morales-Quiroga, M. (2014). Jóvenes y participación electoral en Chile 1989-2013. Analizando el efecto del voto voluntario. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, v.12 (n.2), 597-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11600/1692715x.1226100414.
Corvalán, A., y Cox, P. (2018). Class-biased electoral participation: The youth vote in Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, v.55 (n.3), 47-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00202.x.
Dalton, R.J. (2008). Citizenship norms and the expansion of political participation. Political Studies, v.56 (n. 1), 76-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00718.x.
Dubet, F., y Martucelli, D. (1998). Dans quelle societé vivons-nous [In Which Society Are We Living?]. Editions du Seuil.
Feierabend, I.K., y Feierabend, R.L. (1966). Aggressive Behaviors within Polities, 1948–1962: A Cross National Study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v.10 (n.3), 249–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002200276601000301
Fisher, D. (2012). Youth Political Participation: Bridging Activism and Electoral Politics. Annual Review of Sociology, v.38 (n.1), 119-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145439
Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton University Press.
Harris, A., Wyn, J., y Younes, S. (2010). Beyond Apathetic or Activist Youth. ‘Ordinary’ Young People and Contemporary Forms of Participation. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, v.18 (n.1), 9-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/110330880901800103
Henn, M., y Weinstein, M. (2006), Young People and Political (In)Activism: Why Don’t Young People Vote?. Policy & Politics, v.34 (n.3), 517-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557306777695316
Henn, M., Sloam, J., y Nunes, A. (2022). Young cosmopolitans and environmental politics: How postmaterialist values inform and shape youth engagement in environmental politics. Journal of Youth Studies, v.25 (n.6), 709-729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1994131
Inglehart, R. (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R., y Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender inequality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge University Press.
Kitanova, M. (2019). Youth Participation in the EU: Evidence from a Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Youth Studies, v.23 (n.7), 819-836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636951
Machado, F., Scartascini, C., y Tommasi, M. (2011). Political Institutions and Street Protests in Latin America. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v.55 (n.3), 340–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711400864
Mann, M. (1970). The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy. American Sociological Review, v.35 (n.3), 423–439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2092986
Manning, N. (2013). I mainly look at thing on an issue-by-issue basis: Reflexivity and phronesis in young people´s political engagements. Journal of Youth Studies, v.16 (n.1), 17-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.693586
Martínez, M.L., Ropert, M.T., Rivas, C., y Valdés, N. (2023). Identity narratives of youth involved and uninvolved in social and political participation. Qualitative Psychology, v.10 (n.2), 186-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000260
Medel, R.M., Somma, N.M., y Donoso, S. (2023). The nexus between protest and electoral participation: Explaining Chile´s exceptionalism. Journal of Latin American Studies, v. 55 (n.4), 705-732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X23000706
Milbrath, L.W., y Goel, M.L. (1977). Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics?. University Press of America.
Muller, E.D. (1979). Aggressive Political Action. Princeton University Press.
Peñafiel, R., y Doran, M.C. (2018). New modes of youth political action and democracy in the Americas: From the Chilean spring to the Maple spring in Quebec. En S. Pickar, y J. Bessat (Eds.) Young people re-generating politics in times of crisis. Palgrave Studies in Young People and Politics (349-373). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_19
Quintelier, E. (2008). Who Is Politically Active: The Athlete, The Scout Member or The Environmental Activist? Young People, Voluntary Engagement and Political Participation. Acta Sociólogica, v.51 (n.4), 355-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699308097378
Quintelier, E. (2013). Engaging Adolescents in Politics: The Longitudinal Effect of Political Socialization Agents. Youth y Society, v.47 (n.1), 51-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13507295
Rekker, R. (2021). Young Trendsetters: How Young Voters Fuel Electoral Volatility. Electoral Studies, v.75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102425
Roberts, K.M. (2002). Social inequalities without class cleavages in Latin America´s neoliberal era. Studies in Comparative International Development, v. 36 (n.1), 3-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686331.
Rodríguez, J.P., Miranda, L., Torres, R., Ortiz, N., y Angelcos, N. Charting youth activism in Chile: contemporary areas and trends. Charting youth activism in Chile: Contemporary areas and trends. In Handbook on Youth Activism (pp. 91-105). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803923222.00017
Rossi, F. (2009). Youth Political Participation: Is This the End of Generational Cleavage?. International Sociology Association, v.24 (n.4), 467-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580909334498
Sánchez-Barría, F., y Miranda, D. (2022). Political socialization and legitimation of radial actions in adolescents: evidence from Chile. International Journal of Social Psychology, v. 37 (n.3), 554-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2022.2096255
Scherman, A., Valenzuela, S., y Rivera, S. (2022). Youth environmental activistm in the age of social media: the case of Chile (2009-2019). Journal of Youth Studies, v.25 (n.6), 751-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.2010691
Sears, D.O., y McConahay, J.B. (1970). Racial Socialization, Comparison Levels, and the Watts Riot. Journal of Social Issues, v.26 (n.1), 121–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1970.tb01283.x
Soler-i-Martí, R. (2014). Youth political involvement update: measuring the role of cause-oriented political interest in young people’s activism. Journal of Youth Studies, v.18 (n.3), 396-416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.963538
Thomas, J.L., y Bond, K.D. (2015). Women’s Participation in Violent Political Organizations. American Political Science Review, v.109 (n.3), 488–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000313
Toerell, J., Torcal, M., y Montero, J.R. (2007). Political Participation: Mapping the Terrain. En Jan W. van Deth, José Ramón Montero, y Anders Westholm (Eds.) Citizenship and Involvement in European Democracies: A Comparative Analysis (334-357). Routledge.
Verba, S., y Nie, N.H. (1972), Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Harper y Row.
Zarzuri, R. (2010). Tensiones y desafíos en la participación política juvenil en Chile. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, v.15 (n.50), 103-115.